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            <title xml:lang="en">Genomic organization, structure, regulation and pathogenic role of pilus constituents in major pathogenic Streptococci and Enterococci</title>
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                <forename type="first">Bernd</forename>
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                <forename type="first">Immaculada</forename>
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            <funder>Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); University of Rostock; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Ha 3125/2-1, Ha 3125/3-1, Ha 3125/4-1, GRK840]; EU; excellence initiative of the federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany [FKZ UG 08010]; German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD); University of Antioquia (U de A), Medellin, Colombia; Agence Nationale de Recherche; Region of Lower Normandie (CRBN)</funder>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Genomic organization, structure, regulation and pathogenic role of pilus constituents in major pathogenic Streptococci and Enterococci</title>
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                <idno type="eissn">1618-0607</idno>
                <title level="j">International Journal of Medical Microbiology</title>
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                  <publisher>Elsevier</publisher>
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                  <biblScope unit="pp">240-251</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2011-03</date>
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                <term xml:lang="en">&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus pyogenes&lt;/i&gt;</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus agalactiae&lt;/i&gt;</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt;</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">&lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecalis&lt;/i&gt;</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">&lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecium&lt;/i&gt;</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Pilus</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Regulation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Vaccine</term>
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              <p>Oligocomponent pilus structures, recently discovered in many important Gram-positive pathogens, represent a new class of virulence factors with adhesive and matrix protein-binding activity. Some of these proteins have emerged as very promising lead components of protein-based vaccines against &lt;i&gt;Streptococci&lt;/i&gt;. These extended surface structures play key roles in host cell and tissue adherence, paracellular translocation, and biofilm formation of major Gram-positive pathogens such as &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus pyogenes&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;S. agalactiae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;S. pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; as well as in opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens like &lt;i&gt;Enterococci&lt;/i&gt;. Here, we discuss the similarities and differences of: (1) the genomic organization of the various regions encoding pilus proteins, (2) the number, type, and assembly of the proteins constituting the pili, (3) their expression and regulation mechanisms, (4) their role in bacterial virulence, and (5) their potential as vaccine candidate antigens.</p>
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