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                <term xml:lang="en">Normandy</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Rouen</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Verrazzano</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Brazil</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Brazilwood</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Normandie</term>
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              <p>New documents from judicial archives allow to understand better the organization of travels from Normandy ports to Brazil. Departures usually took place in autumn or early winter, with returns taking place during the summer. To reduce the risks and escape the Portuguese fleets, ships travelled in convoys, often from three to five ships whose characteristics can be presented through several construction contracts kept in notarial registers. Those expeditions required large capital raised by merchants from Rouen. Among them, there are several families of Spanish origin who could sometimes associate with investors from Paris, Lyon, or Champagne. The quantities of Brazilwood brought back to Normandy were considerable. Some of these goods were returned to Paris, La Rochelle and Antwerp, Rouen being a firstrate international warehouse. Brazilwood was used as a dye product but also in architecture, notably at the Château de Fontainebleau (François Ist favourite residence), as well as in the manufacture of furniture or small luxury items. These new sources finally show that the Verrazzano brothers’ expeditions did not open the road to Brazil to French merchants,but that these exchanges began much earlier, even if an acceleration of this traffic is likely during the 1520s.</p>
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              <p>La découverte de nouveaux documents issus d’archives judiciaires permet de mieux appréhender l’organisation des voyages desports normands vers le Brésil. Les départs avaient généralement lieu à l’automne ou au début de l’hiver, les retours s’effectuant durantl’été. Pour réduire les risques et échapper aux flottes portugaises, les navires voyageaient en convois, souvent de trois à cinq navires dontles caractéristiques peuvent être présentées grâce à plusieurs contrats de construction conservés dans des registres notariés. La mise en œuvre de ces expéditions nécessitait d’importants capitaux rassemblés par des marchands rouennais. Parmi eux, figurent plusieurs familles d’origine espagnole de niveau international qui pouvaient parfois s’associer avec des investisseurs de Paris, de Lyon, ou de Champagne. Les quantités de bois -brésil rapportées en Normandie étaient considérables. Une partie de ces marchandises fut très tôt réexpédiée à Paris, la Rochelle et jusqu’à Anvers, Rouen étant alors un entrepôt international de tout premier ordre. Le bois-brésil était utilisé comme produit tinctorial mais aussi dans l’architecture, notamment au château de Fontainebleau (demeure favorite de François Ier), ainsi que dans la fabrication de meubles ou de petits objets de luxe. Ces sources nouvelles montrent enfin que les expéditions des frères Verrazzano n’ont pas  ouvert la route du Brésil aux marchands français, mais que ces échanges ont commencé beaucoup plus tôt, même si une accélération de ce trafic est probable au cours de la décennie 1520.</p>
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